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In his comprehensive study of the sources, historian Gregory F. and Allied naval ships, submarines, and aircraft. Thirst and heat claimed many lives in the end, as did summary executions and beatings, yet the vast majority of deaths came as a result of so-called “friendly fire” from U.S. The holds were floating dungeons, where inmates were denied air, space, light, bathroom facilities, and adequate food and water-especially water.

Allied prisoners of war called them “hell ships,” the requisitioned merchant vessels that the Japanese navy overloaded with POWs being relocated to internment on the Japanese Home Islands or elsewhere in the empire.